Grammar fact sheet: the verb "to be" |
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Introduction
The verb "to be" in English is an
auxiliary verb (tense and passive auxiliary verb)
and a linking verb. In point of fact the Zarma
language only has a linking verb "to be". First
the theory is discussed, subsequently the theory
is illustrated with examples.
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Auxiliary verb (theory) The
auxiliary verbs of time "to be" and "will"
do not exist in Zarma.
The
auxiliary verb of tense. is indicated with particles
in Zarma. In Zarma in general tense is
indicated by particles (auxiliaries) or by
context while in English tense is indicated
by conjugation of auxiliary verbs of tense.
The passive
voice
does not exist in Zarma.
In Zarma the active voice
using the third person plural pronoun also
has a passive voice denotation.
Therefore a Zarma sentence in the active
voice with the third person pronoun might be
translated to an English sentence in the
passive voice.
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Linking verb "to be" (theory)
Main forms
The linking verb "to be" has in Zarma many forms. This
verb is generally expressed by two words, either
"go no"
or "si no". "go no" is the positive. "si no" is the negative.
Sometimes the negative is formed by using "manti".
These words, "go"
and "no", may be used either
together or separately, in different kinds of
"being".
Tense
The tense is often indicated by the context.
The past and future of "go no" is
frequently shown by the verbs "ciya" (to
become), "te" (to make) or "goro"
(to sit) with the appropriate tense indicators.
This is in addition to their regular uses as
verbs.
Special forms
When there is a predicate adjective
(describing the subject) the particle "ga"
is used to link the subject to its attribute,
rather than a verb.
In translation it becomes the verb "to be". For emphasis a "no"
may be added after the adjective. The negative
form of "ga" is "si"
The combination "ya ... no" is a
special form of the verb "to be". When the verb
"no" has its subject stated and not
implied (it is, he is, they are, etc.) the
auxiliary "ya" must follow the subject.
It is used for example to tell your origin or
nationality, the place where you come from, or
your occupation. In certain regions one may hear
"wo .. no" in stead of "ya ... no".
The negative of "ya ... no" is formed by
adding "manti". Some people use the short form
without "ya".
The combination "ga
ti" has the effect
that the predicate identifies the subject. It is
a linking verb with the same function in it's
sentence that "no" has at the end of the
sentence; it is fully interchangeable with "no",
except for position. The government’s regulation
on how it is to be spelled notwithstanding, this
verb is usually pronounced by Zarmas as "kaci".
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Auxiliary verb "to be"
(examples)
Tense auxiliary verb
The
auxiliary verb "to be" as such does not
exist in Zarma. The fact sheet "conjugation
of verbs" shows tense auxiliaries,
i.e. particles, used in a similar way to the
auxiliary verb "to be" in the
continuous form in English. In
Lesson 5.D.3
the present and in Lesson 15.C.2 the past
continuous form is discussed. Some examples
are given below.
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Ay mo go no ga ni ceci |
I too am looking for you. |
Watokan i kaa bi, a go no ga
tirey hantum. |
When they came yesterday, he was
writing letters. |
Ay go ga koy habu. |
I am going to market.
(I'm on my way to market) |
Nango kan a ra ni goy manan, i
go ga ni bana, wala? |
Where they worked last year, did
they pay you? (regularly) |
Bariyo ga ba
ga bu. |
The horse is about to die. |
A
bina sara hal a ga ba ga hen. |
She was so sad
that she was about to weep. |
Passive auxiliary
Strictly speaking, there is no passive voice in Zarma. The effect of a passive, in a sentence where the agency is not specified, can be achieved by using the third person plural pronoun as the subject, in the same way we use "they" for an indefinite pronoun (as in "they say that ...").
Some examples are given in the next table.
For more examples see
Lesson 6.D.3.
Examples
Zarma |
English
(passive voice) |
English (active voice) |
I na
farkay kar. |
The donkey was hit. |
They hit the donkey. |
I n'a kar. |
I was hit. |
They hit me. |
I ga hayni wi hemar
alwaati. |
Millet is reaped in the harvest season. |
They reap the millet in the
harvest season. |
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Linking verb (examples)
The following forms of the linking verb "to
be" are illustrated below:
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GO and GO NO
"go no" is used to show absolute existence;
it nearly equals French "il
y a".
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Hunkuna kubey go no |
It is dark today. (Lit.: Darkness is today.) |
Bi ŋwari go no. |
Yesterday there was food. (Lit.: Yesterday food was) |
"go" is used along between the subject and predicate nominative to indicate locations.
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Jiney go daro cire. |
The baggage is under the bed. |
Hanso go fuwo ra. |
The dog is in the house. |
Tasey go tablo boŋ. |
The dishes are on the table. |
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GO NO past and future
As "go no" has no tense
indicators the context might give an
indication. The past and future of "to be"
is frequently shown by the verbs "ciya" (to
become), "te" (to make) or "goro"
(to sit) with the appropriate tense indicators.
This is in addition to their regular uses as
verbs (see Lesson 22.C.5).
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Ay na boradin
bay; a ciya ay cora. |
I knew that
person; he was my friend. |
A te ay se cora. |
He was a friend
to me. |
Han fo ay ga te
alfa. |
Some day I shall
be a teacher. |
Rabbi Yesu
Almasihu gomno ma goro araŋ kulu
banda. |
May the grace of
the Lord Jesus Christ be with
you all. [Rom. 16:24]
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NO
"no" with a
predicate nominative
With
a predicate nominative "no"
is very like the French "c'est" and "ce
sont". No subject is needed when it is understood to be the
third person pronoun. If the subject of this "no"
verb is stated, there is a special
auxiliary, "ya". This verb comes at the end of its clause, and is the most widely used, especially being added for emphasis, where we would let the main verb carry it.
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Safari no ay kande. |
It is medicine I brought. |
Ni do no ay koy. |
It was to you I went. |
A tasa no. |
It is his dish. |
Zanka no. |
She's a child. / He's a child |
Predicate
nominative is a pronoun
When
the predicate nominative is a pronoun,
the same construction is used as above.
The long forms of the third person
pronouns are used with this verb.
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Ay no. |
It is I. |
Ni no |
It is you. |
Nga no, wala? |
Is it she? |
Oho, ngey no go fuwa ra. |
Yes, it is they (who) are in the house. |
Ay no g'a te. |
It is I (who) will do it. |
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GA and NO
When there is a predicate adjective (describing the subject) the
particle "ga" is used to link the subject to its attribute, rather than a verb.
In translation it becomes the verb "to
be". For emphasis a "no" may be added after the adjective.
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Bi habo ga beri. |
Yesterday's market was big. |
Bi habo ga beri no. |
It's that yesterday's market was big. |
A ga bori. |
It (he, she) is pretty. |
A ga bori no. |
It's that she's pretty. |
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YA ... NO (WO ... NO)
General
The combination "ya ... no" is a form of the verb "to be" used when the verb "no" has its subject stated and not implied, e.g. to tell or ask someone's origin or nationality, the place where the person comes from, or his or hers occupation.
The short form of the third person singular and plural personal pronoun, "a" and "i", are not used in combination with "ya ... no", but only the long forms "nga" and "ngey".
Note:
In certain regions one may hear "wo .. no" in stead of "ya ... no".
Express nationality
To express your nationality or the origin of someone there are two ways to tell this, you could say "He is English" or "He is an Englishman". In Zarma this is similar.
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Ni ya Ingilise no. |
You are English. |
Ni ya Ingilisi boro no. |
You are an Englishman. |
Nga ya Amerken no. * |
He is American. / She is American. |
Nga ya Amerik boro no. * |
He is an American. / She is an American (woman). |
Ni ya Zarma no. |
You are Zarma. |
Ni ya Zarma (boro) no. |
You are a Zarma. |
Ay ya Franse no. |
I am French. |
Ay ya Fransi boro no. |
I am a Frenchman. |
* The short form of the third person singular and plural personal pronoun, "a" and "i", are not used in combination with "ya ... no".
To express the place you're from
To tell someone the place where you come from you use "ya ... no" as well in combination with the name of the place were you come from: "Ay ya
(name of place) boro no".
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Ay ya Say boro no |
I 'm from Say. / I come from Say. |
Ngey ya Niamey boroyan no. * |
They are from Niamey. |
To express your occupation
Finally, the form "ya ... no" is used to tell someone your occupation: "Ay ya
<occupation> no".
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Ay ya cawandiko no. |
I 'm a teacher (an instructor). |
Araŋ ya lokolizeyan no. |
Your are students (apprentices, pupils). |
Ni ya butikkoy no. |
You are a shopkeeper. |
Iri ya dey fansikoyan no. |
We are well diggers. |
The form "ya ... no" is invariable and can be used for phrases in affirmative and interrogative form.
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Ni ya man boro no? |
Where are you from? |
Araŋ ya Niger boroyan no. |
Your are Nigerien. |
Ni ya motokoy no. |
You are a chauffeur. |
Iri ya volontaireyan no. |
We are volunteers. |
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GA TI
The Zarma verb "ga ti" is translated by the present forms of the
verb "to be". It has the effect that the
predicate identifies the subject. It is a
linking verb with the same function in it's
sentence that "no" has at the
end of the
sentence; it is fully interchangeable with "no",
except for position.
The government’s regulation on how it is
to be spelled notwithstanding, "ga ti" is
usually pronounced by Zarmas as "kaci".
Examples
Zarma |
Zarma alternative |
English |
Rabbi Yesu ne:
Ay ga ti fonda. |
Rabbi Yesu ne:
Ay ya fonda no. |
The lord Jesus said,
"I am the way". *1 |
Ni ga ti may no? |
Ni ya may no? |
You are whom? |
Idde ga ti Sanda
izo. |
Idde Sanda izo
no. |
Idde is Sanda’s son. |
Ifo ga ti
hayadin? |
Ifo no hayadin? |
What is that thing? |
*1
Quotation marks are not used in
Zarma for simplicity’s sake.
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Negative
of verbs "GO NO", "GO" and "NO"
Sometimes the negative is
formed by using "si" and other times
by using "manti".
si no
To show absolute existence (French "il
y a") the form "go no" is
used. This changes to "si no" to form
the negative.
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Goroyan si no. |
There are no kola nuts. |
Ŋwari
si no. |
There is no
food. ("Food not be") |
Buru iyye si no
fuwo ra. |
There are no seven loaves of
bread in the house. |
si
The form "go" is used along between the subject and predicate nominative to indicate locations.
The negative is formed by replacing "go"
by "si".
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Tira si tablo boŋ. |
The book is not on the
table. |
Maman nda Fati
si ne. |
Manan and Fati are not here. |
Hanso
si fuwo ra. |
The dog is
not in the house. |
manti
When a noun is used as a predicate
nominative and the "no" form is
used, "manti" is used instead of "si"
to make the negative.
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Boradin manti ay baba no. |
That person
is not my father. |
A maa manti
Aline. |
Her name isn't Aline. |
Manti cimi no! |
It’s not
true! |
Manti ay no! |
It’s not me! |
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Negative of GA
When there is a predicate adjective (describing the subject) the
particle "ga" is used to link the subject to its attribute, rather than a verb.
In translation it becomes the verb "to be". The
negative form of "ga" is "si".
Examples
Zarma |
English |
A si tin. |
It isn't heavy. |
Boroyan si ba
habu. |
There isn't
anybody at the market. |
Haw wo si futu. |
This cow isn't
mean. |
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Negative
of verb "YA ... NO"
When the
verb "no" has its subject stated
(and not implied) the auxiliary "ya"
must follow the object. The negative of "ya ... no"
is formed by adding "manti".
Some people use the short form without "ya".
Examples
Zarma |
English |
Ay ya
manti cawandiko no. |
I 'm
not a teacher (an instructor). |
Ni ya
manti Ingilisi boro no. |
You aren't an Englishman. |
Boradin manti butikkoy no. |
That person isn't a shopkeeper. |
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Last updated:
07 februari 2012
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